材料科学经典教材《材料科学基础：微观结构与性能关系（英文版）》

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The German and Dutch languages have single, almost identical words for the field
of “Materials Science and Engineering”: “Materialkunde” and “Materiaalkunde”,
respectively. Thereby applications of materials serving mankind and the development
of the corresponding basis of knowledge and understanding of nature have been indicated
in a unified way. The intertwined nature of science and engineering is a decisive
characteristic of this multidisciplinary field. Yet, as its title indicates, this book is
devoted to materials science and much less to materials engineering. The reason for
this restriction is twofold: firstly, a theoretical background is a prerequisite for any
engineer to be successful, and thus any study in this field must start with providing a
scientific basis, and, secondly, including a coverage of the synthesis and treatment of
materials in practical applications would have made this book either too bulky or, to
keep the amount of information offered manageable, too superficial.
The implication from the above is that it is intended to present a treatise on the
basics of materials science that has a fundamental character. This may seem an
impossible undertaking, as at the same time the book is meant to be used also in
the beginning of a materials science and engineering study. For a start it implies that
one largely has to abandon usage of mathematical techniques the reader is not familiar
with yet. It is my conviction that this does not impede transmitting physical and
chemical understanding. Of course, then some important results of advanced theories
have to be introduced and accepted without proof, but this is no serious obstacle in
order to develop a sound basis of the basics of the field. On the contrary, in this way
one is best prepared for later to absorb separate, advanced courses on, say, quantum
mechanics and materials thermodynamics and kinetics. If this book realizes these
aspirations sufficiently satisfactorily, then this book will be used by the reader also
at later stages of his/her study, because a fundamental background may be quickly
grasped on the basis of what this book offers. Also therefore the material contained in
the book is much more comprehensive than what can normally be offered in an introductory
course on materials science. Or, phrased in another way, the book should
provide useful preparation for reading and studying advanced textbooks on topics as
“chemical bonding”, “diffusion” and “lattice defects” dealt with here in, only, chapters.
There is no lack of such textbooks. But I do feel that there is a need for a book
as the present one in the light of my experience with existing introductory texts for
the field of materials science which I consider as often to be too superficial and too
phenomenological of nature.
Adopting the above philosophy I have made some, sometimes difficult, choices
in writing this book. This can be illustrated by what has been left out. For example,
I did not include detailed quantitative discussions on dislocation dynamics (Chap. 5),
the derivation of phase diagrams from the dependence of the Gibbs energy on composition
(Chap. 7), the Kirkendall effect and the corresponding Darken treatment
(Chap. 8) or the (intrinsic) elastic anisotropy (Chap. 11). Those topics which do have
been treated in this book invariably are of paramount importance to the materials
scientist and have been dealt with in a fundamental way to an extent widely surpassing
what can possibly be presented in a freshman’s course (e.g. the chapters on
“Crystallography” (Chap. 4), “Phase Transformations” (Chap. 9) and “Mechanical
Strength of Materials” (Chap. 11)). This does not impede at all the use of this book
in a beginner’s course already and especially makes this book useful throughout an
entire undergraduate and even graduate study as an introduction and solid background
against which more detailed monographs and specialized texts can be studied. Such
is the task of this book.
It is claimed here to offer “fundamentals of materials science”, and thus this is a
book about materials phenomena rather than materials. It has to be admitted that in
the text some apparent emphasis has been laid on metals as class of materials. This
should then be discussed as follows.
An obvious, not very important but not to be ignored, observation is the following.
The great majority of the naturally occurring elements in the Periodic System
(92) are metals; only a limited number of non-metal elements exist (about 15). It
is true that a few of these non-metals are of extreme importance for life on earth
(C, N, O and H). It is also true that life of man would not have the slightest resemblance
with how it is now were it not for the application of metals. It may also be
relevant to remark here that the category of metals is in fact even much larger than
one may naively expect on the basis of the classical division of the elements given
above: any substance may be made metallic upon densification. Thus, hydrogen can
be made metallic under high pressure and silicon becomes metallic upon melting.
The background of this behaviour, i.e. why this is so, is discussed in Sect. 3.5 in this
book. This leaves unimpeded that other categories of materials, man-made or not, as
silicon-based components in microelectronics, ceramics, polymers and biomaterials,
are crucial materials as well. However, and now the cardinal argumentation follows,
understanding of the fundamental properties of materials is largely independent of
the type of material considered. The knowledge and science of crystallography, diffusion,
the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations, etc. is not confined
to a specific class of materials.
Materials science has developed as a discipline from the time that metals were
considered as the perhaps most important materials in the world (see Cahn RW
(2001) The coming of materials science. Pergamon (Elsevier Science), Amsterdam).
This view needs no longer be held, but it explains that our knowledge on materials
behaviour has been developed with metallic materials as the type of material that was
subject of investigation. Material classes, metals, ceramics, polymers, biomaterials,
etc. most distinctly differ particularly in their way of synthesis (a topic not dealt with
at all in this book) and applications (polymers and biomaterials serve as examples).
However, their microstructure–property relationships are predominantly based on the

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